MBIRI YA NTCHITO ZA TUNGSTEN
Zomwe zapezeka pakugwiritsa ntchito tungsten zitha kulumikizidwa momasuka ndi magawo anayi: mankhwala, zitsulo ndi ma aloyi apamwamba kwambiri, filaments, ndi carbides.
1847: Mchere wa Tungsten umagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga thonje lamitundu ndi kupanga zovala zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasewero ndi zina zomwe sizingayaka moto.
1855: Njira ya Bessemer idapangidwa, kulola kupanga zitsulo zambiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zitsulo zoyamba za tungsten zikupangidwa ku Austria.
1895: Thomas Edison anafufuza luso la zipangizo kuti fluoresce pamene X-rays, ndipo anapeza kuti calcium tungstate chinali chinthu chothandiza kwambiri.
1900: High Speed Steel, kusakaniza kwapadera kwachitsulo ndi tungsten, kukuwonetsedwa pa World Exhibition ku Paris. Imasunga kuuma kwake pakutentha kwambiri, koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zida ndi makina.
1903: Ulusi mu nyali ndi mababu anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba kwa tungsten komwe kunagwiritsa ntchito malo ake osungunuka kwambiri komanso mphamvu zake zamagetsi. Vuto lokhalo? Kuyesera koyambirira kunapeza kuti tungsten ndi yofooka kwambiri kuti isagwiritsidwe ntchito ponseponse.
1909: William Coolidge ndi gulu lake ku General Electric ku US akupeza bwino njira yomwe imapanga ductile tungsten filaments kupyolera mu chithandizo choyenera cha kutentha ndi ntchito yamakina.
1911: Njira ya Coolidge imagulitsidwa, ndipo m'kanthawi kochepa mababu a tungsten amafalikira padziko lonse lapansi okhala ndi mawaya a ductile tungsten.
1913: Kuchepa kwa diamondi zamakampani ku Germany pa nthawi ya WWII kunapangitsa ofufuza kuti ayang'ane njira ina ya diamondi kufa, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kujambula waya.
1914: “Chinali chikhulupiriro cha akatswiri ena ankhondo Ogwirizana kuti m’miyezi isanu ndi umodzi Germany idzakhala itatheratu ndi zida. Ma Allies posakhalitsa adazindikira kuti Germany ikukulitsa kupanga kwake zida zankhondo ndipo kwa nthawi yayitali idaposa zomwe mayiko a Allies adapanga. Kusinthaku kunali mbali imodzi chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zothamanga kwambiri za tungsten ndi zida zodulira tungsten. Modabwitsa kwambiri a Briteni, tungsten yogwiritsiridwa ntchito motero pambuyo pake inapezeka, kwakukulukulu inachokera ku Migodi yawo ya Cornish ku Cornwall.” - Kuchokera m'buku la KC Li la 1947 "TUNGSTEN"
1923: Kampani ina yamagetsi yamagetsi ya ku Germany inapereka chiphaso cha tungsten carbide, kapena hardmetal. Amapangidwa ndi njere zolimba kwambiri za tungsten monocarbide (WC) zomangira zachitsulo cholimba cha cobalt pogwiritsa ntchito sintering yamadzimadzi.
Zotsatira zake zinasintha mbiri ya tungsten: chinthu chomwe chimaphatikiza mphamvu zambiri, kulimba komanso kuuma kwakukulu. M'malo mwake, tungsten carbide ndi yolimba, chinthu chokhacho chachilengedwe chomwe chimatha kuchikanda ndi diamondi. (Carbide ndiye ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa tungsten masiku ano.)
Zaka za m'ma 1930: Ntchito zatsopano zidayambika zopangira ma tungsten mumakampani amafuta kuti azipaka mafuta osapsa.
1940: Kupangidwa kwachitsulo, nickel, ndi cobalt superalloys kunayamba, kuti akwaniritse kufunika kwa zinthu zomwe zingathe kupirira kutentha kosaneneka kwa injini za jet.
1942: Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, Ajeremani anali oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito tungsten carbide pachimake poboola zida zankhondo. Akasinja aku Britain "anasungunuka" atagundidwa ndi ma tungsten carbide projectiles.
1945: Kugulitsa kwapachaka kwa nyali za incandescent ndi 795 miliyoni pachaka ku US
1950s: Pofika nthawi ino, tungsten ikuwonjezedwa mu superalloys kuti apititse patsogolo ntchito yawo.
Zaka za m'ma 1960: Zothandizira zatsopano zidabadwa zomwe zimakhala ndi mankhwala a tungsten kuti azitha kutulutsa mpweya mumakampani amafuta.
1964: Kuwongolera bwino komanso kupanga nyali za incandescent kumachepetsa mtengo wopereka kuwala kwapadera ndi gawo la makumi atatu, poyerekeza ndi mtengo woyambitsa magetsi a Edison.
2000: Pa nthawiyi, waya wa nyale pafupifupi mamita 20 biliyoni amakokedwa chaka chilichonse, utali wake wofanana ndi kuwirikiza pafupifupi 50 mtunda wa mtunda wa mwezi ndi dziko. Kuunikira kumawononga 4% ndi 5% yazinthu zonse zopangidwa ndi tungsten.
TUNGSTEN LERO
Masiku ano, tungsten carbide ndiyofala kwambiri, ndipo ntchito zake ndi monga kudula zitsulo, matabwa, mapulasitiki, composites, ndi zoumba zofewa, zopanda chitsulo (zotentha ndi kuzizira), migodi, zomangamanga, kubowola miyala, zida zomangira, zida zankhondo ndi zida zankhondo. .
Ma aloyi achitsulo a Tungsten amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga ma nozzles a injini ya rocket, omwe amayenera kukhala ndi katundu wabwino wosamva kutentha. Ma super-alloys okhala ndi tungsten amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasamba a turbine ndi magawo osamva komanso zokutira.
Komabe, nthawi yomweyo, ulamuliro wa nyali ya incandescent watha pambuyo pa zaka 132, pomwe akuyamba kuchotsedwa ku US ndi Canada.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-29-2021
