Mbiri ya Kugwiritsa Ntchito TUNGSTEN
Zomwe zapezeka mu kugwiritsa ntchito tungsten zitha kulumikizidwa pang'ono ndi magawo anayi: mankhwala, chitsulo ndi ma super alloys, ulusi, ndi ma carbide.
1847: Mchere wa tungsten umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga thonje lamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso kupanga zovala zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zisudzo ndi ntchito zina zosapsa ndi moto.
1855: Njira ya Bessemer inapangidwa, zomwe zimathandiza kuti chitsulo chipangidwe mochuluka. Nthawi yomweyo, zitsulo zoyamba za tungsten zikupangidwa ku Austria.
1895: Thomas Edison anafufuza momwe zinthu zimakhalira ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa zikagwiritsidwa ntchito pa X-ray, ndipo anapeza kuti calcium tungstate ndiye chinthu chothandiza kwambiri.
1900: Chitsulo Chothamanga Kwambiri, chosakaniza chapadera cha chitsulo ndi tungsten, chinawonetsedwa pa Chiwonetsero cha Padziko Lonse ku Paris. Chimasunga kuuma kwake kutentha kwambiri, choyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazida ndi makina.
1903: Ma filaments mu nyali ndi mababu a magetsi anali oyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa tungsten komwe kunagwiritsa ntchito malo ake osungunuka kwambiri komanso mphamvu yake yoyendetsera magetsi. Vuto lokhalo? Kuyesa koyambirira kunapeza kuti tungsten inali yofooka kwambiri moti singagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri.
1909: William Coolidge ndi gulu lake ku General Electric ku US apeza njira yopangira ulusi wa tungsten wopangidwa ndi ductile kudzera mu kutentha koyenera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito makina.
1911: Njira ya Coolidge inagulitsidwa, ndipo m'kanthawi kochepa mababu a tungsten anafalikira padziko lonse lapansi okhala ndi mawaya a tungsten opangidwa ndi ductile.
1913: Kusowa kwa diamondi zamafakitale ku Germany panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse kwapangitsa ofufuza kufunafuna njira ina m'malo mwa miyala ya diamondi, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukoka waya.
1914: “Akatswiri ena ankhondo a Allied ankakhulupirira kuti m’miyezi isanu ndi umodzi Germany idzakhala itatopa ndi zipolopolo. A Allies anazindikira posakhalitsa kuti Germany inali kuwonjezera kupanga kwake zida zankhondo ndipo kwa kanthawi inali itapitirira kuchuluka kwa zomwe A Allies ankapanga. Kusinthaku kunali chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito kwake zida zodulira zachitsulo ndi tungsten zothamanga kwambiri za tungsten. Chodabwitsa kwambiri kwa Azungu, tungsten yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe pambuyo pake inapezeka, inachokera makamaka ku Migodi yawo ya Cornish ku Cornwall.” – Kuchokera m’buku la KC Li la 1947 lakuti “TUNGSTEN”
1923: Kampani yamagetsi yaku Germany idapereka chilolezo cha tungsten carbide, kapena chitsulo cholimba. Chimapangidwa ndi "simenti" ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta tungsten monocarbide (WC) mu binder matrix ya chitsulo cholimba cha cobalt pochotsa madzi.
Zotsatira zake zinasintha mbiri ya tungsten: chinthu chomwe chimaphatikiza mphamvu zambiri, kulimba komanso kuuma kwambiri. Ndipotu, tungsten carbide ndi yolimba kwambiri, chinthu chokhacho chachilengedwe chomwe chingakanda ndi diamondi. (Carbide ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa tungsten masiku ano.)
M'ma 1930: Ntchito zatsopano zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala a tungsten m'makampani opanga mafuta kuti azitsuka mafuta osakonzedwa ndi madzi.
1940: Kupanga ma superalloy okhala ndi chitsulo, nickel, ndi cobalt kunayamba, kuti kukwaniritse kufunikira kwa chinthu chomwe chingapirire kutentha kodabwitsa kwa injini za jet.
1942: Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, Ajeremani anali oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito tungsten carbide core mu zida zoponyera zida zothamanga kwambiri. Matanki aku Britain "anasungunuka" atagundidwa ndi zida zoponyera za tungsten carbide izi.
1945: Kugulitsa kwa nyali zoyatsira magetsi pachaka ndi 795 miliyoni pachaka ku US
M'zaka za m'ma 1950: Pofika nthawi imeneyi, tungsten ikuwonjezeredwa mu ma superalloy kuti iwonjezere magwiridwe antchito awo.
M'zaka za m'ma 1960: Ma catalyst atsopano adabadwa okhala ndi mankhwala a tungsten kuti athetse mpweya wotulutsa utsi m'makampani opanga mafuta.
1964: Kupita patsogolo kwa magwiridwe antchito ndi kupanga nyali zoyatsira magetsi kunachepetsa mtengo wopereka kuwala kokwanira ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu, poyerekeza ndi mtengo womwe unagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa makina a Edison owunikira.
2000: Pa nthawiyi, waya wa nyale wokwana mamita 20 biliyoni umakokedwa chaka chilichonse, kutalika komwe kumafanana ndi mtunda wa dziko lapansi ndi mwezi nthawi 50. Kuunikira kumagwiritsa ntchito 4% ndi 5% ya kupanga konse kwa tungsten.
TUNGSTEN LERO
Masiku ano, tungsten carbide ndi yofala kwambiri, ndipo ntchito zake zikuphatikizapo kudula zitsulo, kukonza matabwa, mapulasitiki, zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zina, ndi zoumba zofewa, kupanga zinthu zopanda chip (zotentha ndi zozizira), migodi, zomangamanga, kuboola miyala, zigawo za kapangidwe kake, zigawo zosweka ndi zigawo zankhondo.
Ma alloy achitsulo cha tungsten amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga ma nozzles a injini ya rocket, omwe ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zabwino zopewera kutentha. Ma alloy apamwamba okhala ndi tungsten amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu masamba a turbine ndi zigawo ndi zokutira zosagwirizana ndi kusweka.
Komabe, nthawi yomweyo, ulamuliro wa babu la incandescent watha patatha zaka 132, pamene akuyamba kutha ku US ndi Canada.
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-29-2021
